a b c Faller, K.M., McAndrew, D.J., Schneider, J.E. and Lygate, C.A. (2015). "Refinement of analgesia following thoracotomy and experimental myocardial infarction using the Mouse Grimace Scale". Experimental Physiology. 100 (2): 164–172. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083139. PMC 4340041. PMID 25480160. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Kawano, T., Takahashi, T., Iwata, H., Morikawa, A., Imori, S., Waki, S., ... & Yokoyama, M. (2014). "Effects of ketoprofen for prevention of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats". Journal of Anesthesia. 28 (6): 932–936. doi: 10.1007/s00540-014-1821-y. PMID 24676769. S2CID 25524002. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) A related study [34] describes the equine "pain face" after pain induction by a tourniquet on the antebrachium or topical capsaicin. The pain face here involves similar facial expressions described for the HGS; low and/or asymmetrical ears, an angled appearance of the eyes, a withdrawn and/or tense stare, medio-laterally dilated nostrils and tension of the lips, chin and certain mimetic muscles and can potentially be incorporated to improve existing pain evaluation tools. From the described pain face, The Equine Pain Scale has been developed. [35] De Rantere, D. (2014). The Evaluation of the Rat Grimace Scale and Ultrasonic Vocalisations as Novel Pain Assessment Tools in Laboratory Rats (PDF) (Thesis). University of Calgary. a b Sotocinal, S.G., Sorge, R E., Zaloum, A., Tuttle, A.H., Martin, L.J., Wieskopf, J.S., ... & McDougall, J.J. (2011). "The Rat Grimace Scale: a partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions" (PDF). Molecular Pain. 7 (1): 1744–8069–7–55. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-55. PMC 3163602. PMID 21801409. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)

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e) In the unlikely case the shipment is lost, damaged or the contains are missing, the buyer must notify the auctioneer within 5 days from the estimated delivery time for loss claims or 3 days from delivery date for damaged and theft claims. We will make the claim with the courier and the buyer will be reimbursed if/when the courier company accepts the claims and transfers the funds to us. A preliminary study based on landmarks and distances between ears and in the muzzle demonstrated that observers shown facial images from painful and pain-free cats had difficulty in identifying pain-free from painful cats, with only 13% of observers being able to discriminate more than 80% of painful cats. Accuracy (based on a dichotomous judgement - pain or no pain) ranged from 18 to 94%. [38]Darwin, Charles (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals by Charles Darwin. Cambridge Core (published 2013). doi: 10.1017/cbo9781139833813. ISBN 9781139833813. To map and explain the different facial expressions seen in the equine face during acute pain, an equine facial action coding system (EquiFACS) has been developed. Seventeen FAU have been identified and the involved anatomical structures behind each facial expression are explained and compared to facial expressions seen in other species. [37] In cats [ edit ]

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Any challenge to the authenticity of a Lot must be initiated by the Buyer giving written notice that the Lot is a forgery in his opinion within 14 days after the selling The grimace scale ( GS), sometimes called the grimace score, is a method of assessing the occurrence or severity of pain experienced by non-human animals according to objective and blinded scoring of facial expressions, as is done routinely for the measurement of pain in non-verbal humans. Observers score the presence or prominence of "facial action units" (FAU), e.g. Orbital Tightening, Nose Bulge, Ear Position and Whisker Change. These are scored by observing the animal directly in real-time, or post hoc from photographs or screen-grabs from videos. The facial expression of the animals is sometimes referred to as the pain face. Definition from manufacturer (COPY/PASTE) as it was initially advertised. This is a second market sale, parts from the definition are no longer relevant: