Plantpal Pack of 2 Watering Globes - Automatic Plant Watering Bulbs - Self Watering System - Garden Pot Waterers for Indoor Plants - Holiday Plant Watering Spikes & Feeders.

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Some plants serve as homes for endophytic fungi that protect the plant from herbivores by producing toxins. The fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum in tall fescue grass has pest status in the American cattle industry. [88]

Edwards, M., Rourk, P. M., Riby, P. G., & Mendham, A. P. (2014). Not quite the last word on the Perkin reaction. Tetrahedron, 70, 7245–7252. Ahuja, Satinder (2015). Food, Energy, and Water: The Chemistry Connection. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-800374-9 . Retrieved 14 April 2018. Lyons, P. C.; Plattner, R. D.; Bacon, C. W. (1986). "Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass". Science. 232 (4749): 487–489. Bibcode: 1986Sci...232..487L. doi: 10.1126/science.3008328. PMID 3008328. Secondary metabolism is the result of long-term evolutionary adaptation of plants to the ecological environment, and it plays an important role in dealing with the relationship between plants and the ecological environment. It enables plants to better adapt to their environment during development and to change themselves to form their unique individual characteristics ( Dangl and Jones, 2001). As a key secondary metabolic pathway, phenylpropane metabolism begins with phenylalanine and eventually leads to the production of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols and lignans ( Wang etal., 2016; Zhan etal., 2022). PAL, as an enzyme in the first reaction step of phenylpropane metabolism, plays a key and has a major impact on the subsequent secondary metabolism ( Wei etal., 2023). The number of PAL family members currently varies among plants, e.g., four PAL genes were identified in Arabidopsis, 13 in maize, nine in rice, and four in citrus. 14 and 11 were identified in cultivated tomato and S pennellii, respectively, in the present study, with numbers similar to those of the monocotyledonous plant maize. The number of SlPAL and SpenPAL genes far exceeded that of Arabidopsis, suggesting that tomato may have undergone genomic duplication events occurred during evolution ( Wanner etal., 1995; Raes etal., 2003), and tandem and fragmental duplication can be seen to have occurred in cultivated tomato and S. pennellii based on chromosomal localization and intraspecific co-linearity ( Figures1, 7). Replication events are important in the expansion and evolution of gene families and include whole genome replication, small fragment replication, local tandem replication or a combination of these possibilities ( Ober, 2005; Lei etal., 2012; Xue etal., 2012).Plants that have secondarily adopted a parasitic lifestyle may lose the genes involved in photosynthesis and the production of chlorophyll. [60] Growth and repair Gifford, Ernest M.; Foster, Adriance S. (1988). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rded.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. p.358. ISBN 978-0-7167-1946-5.