Real Rape, Real Pain: Help for women sexually assaulted by male partners

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a b c Krug, Etienne G.; etal., eds. (2002). World report on violence and health (PDF). World Health Organization. p.149. ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7 . Retrieved 5 December 2015. Neumann, S., Gang Rape: Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities. Sex Crimes and Paraphilias Italian women win cash for wartime rapes". Listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-07-15 . Retrieved 2010-12-31. Tran, Khai; Grobelna, Aleksandra (2019). Ulipristal versus Levonorgestrel for Emergency Contraception: A Review of Comparative Cost-Effectiveness. CADTH Rapid Response Reports. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. PMID 31219689. Rape culture is when, in 31 states, rapists can legally sue for child custody if the rape results in pregnancy.

Petrak, Jenny; Hedge, Barbara, eds. (2003). The Trauma of Sexual Assault Treatment, Prevention and Practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p.2. ISBN 978-0-470-85138-8. Hoffman, Barbara; etal. (2016). Williams Gynecology (3rded.). McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 9780071849098. Thornhill, Randy; Palmer, Craig T. (2000). A natural history of rape biological bases of sexual coercion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-1-282-09687-5.

Rape Stories from Real People

a b Budrionis, Rita (2015). The sexual abuse victim and sexual offender treatment planner, with DSM-5 updates. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-07481-6. Guidelines for the prevention and management of vicarious trauma among researchers of sexual and intimate partner violence" (PDF). Sexual Violence Research Initiative. 2015.

Most rape research and reports of rape are limited to male–female forms of rape. Research on male-on-male and female-on-male rape is rare. Fewer than one in ten male–male rapes are reported. As a group, males who have been raped by either gender often get little services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime. Instances in which the perpetrator is female may not be clear and can lead to dismissing women as sexual aggressors, which can obscure the dimensions of the problem. Research also suggests that men with sexually aggressive peers have a higher chance of reporting coercive or forced sexual intercourse outside gang circles than men without such sexually aggressive peers. [139] a b c Cybulska, Beata (2013). "Immediate medical care after sexual assault". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 27 (1): 141–149. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.013. ISSN 1521-6934. PMID 23200638. [subscription required] a b Rosdahl, Caroline (2012). Textbook of basic nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60547-772-5. Some clinicians are specially trained in the treatment of those who have experienced rape and sexual assault/abuse. Treatment can be lengthy and challenging for both the counselor and the patient. Several treatment options exist and vary by accessibility, cost, or whether or not insurance coverage exists for the treatment. Treatment also varies depending upon the expertise of the counselor—some have more experience and or have specialized in the treatment of sexual trauma and rape. To be the most effective, a treatment plan should be developed based upon the struggles of the patient and not necessarily based upon the traumatic experience. An effective treatment plan will consider the following: current stressors, coping skills, physical health, interpersonal conflicts, self-esteem, family issues, involvement of the guardian, and the presence of mental health symptoms.

The person who was raped may already have a sexually transmitted infection and if diagnosed, it is treated. [108] [112] Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for vaginitis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and chlamydia may be performed. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in women are of particular concern due to the possibility of ascending infection. Immunization against hepatitis B is often considered. [121] [108] [104] After prophylactic treatment is initiated, further testing is done to determine what other treatments may be necessary for other infections transmitted during the assault. [108] These are: WHO (23 November 2012). "Violence against women". who.int. World Health Organization . Retrieved 3 February 2013. Abrahms D.; Viky G.; Masser B.; Gerd B. (2003). "Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84 (1): 111–125. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111. PMID 12518974. The presence of a sexually contracted infection can not be confirmed after rape because it cannot be detected until 72 hours afterwards. [121] Other studies have suggested that the rate of false allegations in the United States may be higher. A nine-year study by Eugene J. Kanin of Purdue University in a small metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States claimed that 41% of rape accusations were false. [161] However David Lisak, an associate professor of psychology and director of the Men's Sexual Trauma Research Project at the University of Massachusetts Boston states that "Kanin's 1994 article on false allegations is a provocative opinion piece, but it is not a scientific study of the issue of false reporting of rape". He further states that Kanin's study has a significantly poor systematic methodology and had no independent definition of a false report. Instead, Kanin classified reports that the police department classified as false also as false. [162] The criterion for falsehood was simply a denial of a polygraph test of the accuser. [161] A 1998 report by the National Institute of Justice found that DNA evidence excluded the primary suspect in 26% of rape cases and concluded that this "strongly suggests that postarrest and postconviction DNA exonerations are tied to some strong, underlying systemic problems that generate erroneous accusations and convictions". [163] However, this study also noted that analyzed samples involved a specific subset of rape cases (e.g. those where "there is no consent defense").