Bilirubin: The detection of Bilirubin in the urine is an early indication of liver disease. Bilirubin is the breakdown product of hemoglobin. Several urine parameters can provide clues for possible kidney-related disease. These include leukocytes, protein, pH, blood, specific gravity, and glucose. The esterase reaction needs about 2 minutes to take place. The presence of strong oxidising agents or formaldehyde can cause false positives. False negative results are associated with elevated concentrations of protein (greater than 500mg/dL), glucose (greater than 3 g/dL), oxalic acid and ascorbic acid. Urine with a high specific gravity can also cause leukocyte crenation, which can impede the liberation of the esterases. [22] Detection limit [ edit ]

Individual wrapping of Urinox test strips ensures that each urinalysis strip is fresh and not altered by atmospheric conditions so that you get a reliable result every time. This also allows urine test strips to have a shelf life of 24 months from the manufacturing date. Most conventional urinalysis products have a brief shelf life of 30-60 days after opening the bottle. Individual wrapping of strips has various benefits, including less strip wastage, portability for travel, and storage convenience. The detection limit of a test is the concentration at which the test starts to turn from negative to positive. Although the detection limit may vary between urine samples, the detection limit is defined as the concentration of the analyte that results in a positive reaction in 90% of the examined urines.Refer to this blog for detailed information on the role of urinalysis in diagnosing liver diseases. Graff, Laurine (1987). "2". Análisis de orina - Atlas Colour (in Spanish) (1ªed.). Ed. Médica Panamericana. p.60. ISBN 978-950-06-0841-1 . Retrieved 14 March 2012. Graff, Laurine (1987). "2". Análisis de orina - Atlas Colour (in Spanish) (1ªed.). Ed. Médica Panamericana. p.59. ISBN 978-950-06-0841-1 . Retrieved 14 March 2012.

It’s important that your doctor knows all the medications you’re currently taking, including over-the-counter and prescription medications. Certain medications can affect the level of protein in your urine, so your doctor may ask you to stop taking a medication or to change your dose before the test. Under normal conditions nearly all the glucose removed in the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. If the blood glucose level increases, as happens in diabetes mellitus, the capacity of the convoluted tubule to reabsorb glucose is exceeded (an effect known as renal reabsorption threshold). For glucose this threshold is between 160–180mg/dL. Glucose concentrations vary in an individual, and a healthy person can present with transitory glucosuria after a meal high in sugars; therefore the most representative results come from samples obtained at least two hours after food is eaten. One of the kidneys’ important functions is to reabsorb water after glomerular filtration. The complex process of reabsorption is usually one of the first renal functions to be affected by disease. The specific gravity of urine is a measure of its density compared to H 2O and depends on the quantity and density of solutes (molecules with more mass per volume increase measure of specific gravity). The measurement of specific gravity should not be confused with the measurement of osmotic concentration, which is more related to the number of particles than with their mass. [7]

Boots is the UK’s number one beauty destination and largest pharmacy chain, dispensing medicines and providing essential healthcare services. It offers an unrivalled depth and breadth of product offering including its innovative portfolio of brands, including No7, the UK’s No1 skincare brand, Soap & Glory, Liz Earle, Sleek MakeUP and YourGoodSkin. For over 170 years, Boots has listened, learned and innovated, and it continues to challenge itself to improve its products and services every day. Yetisen A. K. (2013). "Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices". Lab on a Chip. 13 (12): 2210–2251. doi: 10.1039/C3LC50169H. PMID 23652632. Blood: Blood in the urine is called hematuria. Several factors can cause hematuria, including UTIs, kidney infections, menstruation, and strenuous exercise. Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "4". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.46–47. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved 14 March 2012.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Causes of chronic kidney disease. As kidney damage progresses and the amount of albumin in the urine increases, the name of the condition changes from micro-albuminuria to macro-albuminuria (macro meaning large) or proteinuria. What are the signs of micro-albuminuria/proteinuria? The test for nitrites is a rapid screening method for possible asymptomatic infections caused by nitrate-reducing bacteria. Some of the gram negative bacteria species that most commonly cause urinary tract infections ( Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Proteus) have enzymes that reduce the nitrate present in urine to nitrite. [18] The test is a rapid screen for possible infections by enteric bacteria, but it does not replace the urinalysis tests nor microscopic examination as diagnostic tools, nor subsequent monitoring as many other microorganisms that do not reduce nitrate ( gram positive bacteria and yeasts) can also cause urinary infections. [19] [20]Refer to this blog for detailed information about urinalysis parameters and how each provides diagnostic information for kidney diseases. The first test is an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR or GFR), which measures creatinine waste levels in the blood. Your age, sex, race, and body weight are also considered when determining your results.

It’s important that you’re well-hydrated before giving your urine sample. This makes giving the urine sample easier and prevents dehydration, which can affect test results. Small or trace amounts of ketones in your urine aren't usually a cause for concern, but high levels can indicate a medical issue. Learn more. READ MORE Following your doctor’s instructions is the most important part of preparing for a blood test. Other tips include sleeping well, staying hydrated, and… READ MORE Colors: These may vary according to your monitor or computer device used, and may not be compatible with all test strip brands. Regulating diet mainly controls urinary pH, although using medication can also control it. Diets rich in animal proteins tend to produce acidic urine, while diets mainly composed of vegetables tend to produce alkali urine. [4]The detection of urinary bilirubin is an early indication of liver disease and its presence or absence can be used to determine the causes of clinical jaundice. This article was medically reviewed by Luba Lee, FNP-BC, MS. Luba Lee, FNP-BC is a Board-Certified Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) and educator in Tennessee with over a decade of clinical experience. Luba has certifications in Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), Emergency Medicine, Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), Team Building, and Critical Care Nursing. She received her Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) from the University of Tennessee in 2006. Of the routine chemical tests performed on urine, the most indicative of renal disease is the protein determination. Proteinuria is often associated with early renal disease, making the urinary protein test an important part of any physical examination. Normal urine contains very little protein, usually less than 100–300mg/L or 100mg per 24 hours is excreted. This protein consists primarily of low-molecular-weight serum proteins that have been filtered by the glomerulus and proteins produced in the genitourinary tract. Due to its low molecular weight, albumin is the major serum protein found in the plasma, the normal urinary albumin content is low because the majority of albumin presented in the glomerulus is not filtered, and much of the filtered albumin is reabsorbed by the tubules. Other proteins include small amounts of serum and tubular microglobulins. Uromodulin produced by the renal tubular epithelial cells and proteins from prostatic, seminal, and vaginal secretions. Uromodulin is routinely produced in the distal convoluted tube, and forms the matrix of casts. No, each parameter on the test strip has a different normal color. You should not compare the test strip colors before wetting the strip with urine. The colors of dry pads have no clinical significance.