Despite drastic penalties and continued prohibition of opium until 1860, opium smuggling rose steadily from 200 chests per year under the Yongzheng Emperor to 1,000 under the Qianlong Emperor, 4,000 under the Jiaqing Emperor, and 30,000 under the Daoguang Emperor. [61] The illegal sale of opium became one of the world's most valuable single commodity trades and has been called "the most long continued and systematic international crime of modern times". [62] Opium smuggling provided 15 to 20 percent of the British Empire's revenue and simultaneously caused scarcity of silver in China. [63] Map showing the amount of opium produced in China in 1908: The quote "We English, by the policy we have pursued, are morally responsible for every acre of land in China which is withdrawn from the cultivation of grain and devoted to that of the poppy; so that the fact of the growth of the drug in China ought only to increase our sense of responsibility." is by Lord Justice Fry. Peter Ward Fay (November 9, 2000). The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp.290–. ISBN 978-0-8078-6136-3. David William Bebbington (1993). William Ewart Gladstone: Faith and Politics in Victorian Britain. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp.108–. ISBN 978-0-8028-0152-4. Great Britain, India office (1922). The truth about Indian opium. [London] Printed by H.M. Stationery Off.

Dikötter, Frank, Lars Laamann, and Zhou Xun. Narcotic culture: a history of drugs in China Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine: a note on pharmaceutics" . Retrieved June 6, 2007. Once the beautiful coffee is gone, I'm left with soft & vanillic white flowers. They're a bit creamy. But I feel like it could be any other generic perfume, and I'm extremely sad to say that. I really don't dislike this flanker at all, I would definitely enjoy it if I were to receive it as a gift and could easily see myself wearing this on a daily basis. But it would be a convenient perfume to me, nothing more. I would wear it on days when I don't know what to wear, when I just want something that fits any kind of mood / outfit / vibe. When I just want to smell good. When I don't want to think. When I don't feel like I want to experience any particular emotion nor tell any particular story through the way I smell. The big attraction to me for this scent is the hope of more of an actual coffee scent. In the original, I didn't really smell it, except for if you were to think of an overly sweetened latte "coffee" drink. In here, so far, the coffee is still a sweetened sugary coffee, but there are hints of a normal roasted coffee in there more than the original had at least. But I don't smell this and think 'that's coffee' and wouldn't have known it was in here still if it wasn't mentioned. Hamarneh Sami (1972). "Pharmacy in medieval Islam and the history of drug addiction". Medical History. 16 (3): 226–237. doi: 10.1017/s0025727300017725. PMC 1034978. PMID 4595520.Hideyuki Takano; The Shore Beyond Good and Evil: A Report from Inside Burma's Opium Kingdom (2002, Kotan, ISBN 0-9701716-1-7) Liang, Bin; Lu, Hong (2013). "Discourses of drug problems and drug control in China: Reports in the People's Daily, 1946–2009". China Information. 27 (3): 302. doi: 10.1177/0920203X13491387. S2CID 147627658. Anderson, Stuart; Berridge, Virginia (2000). "Opium In 20th-Century Britain: Pharmacists, Regulation And The People". Addiction. 95 (1): 23–36. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.951234.x. PMID 10723823.

Manuscripts of Pseudo-Apuleius's 5th-century work from the 10th and 11th centuries refer to the use of wild poppy Papaver agreste or Papaver rhoeas (identified as P. silvaticum) instead of P. somniferum for inducing sleep and relieving pain. [27]a b P. G. Kritikos & S. P. Papadaki (January 1, 1967). "The early history of the poppy and opium". Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy (2009). Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy. Harvard University Press. pp.9–. ISBN 978-0-674-05134-8. Drug Addiction Research and the Health of Women – pg. 33–52" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2008 . Retrieved March 21, 2010. Donna Young (April 15, 2007). "Scientists Examine Pain Relief and Addiction". Archived from the original on December 6, 2007 . Retrieved June 6, 2007.