H This is not to say that wild fruit trees were unimportant. On the contrary, argues Shanley, they are critical for subsistence, something that is often ig­nored in much of the current research on NTFPs, which tends to focus on their commercial potential. Geography was another factor preventing the Rio Capim caboclos from establishing a serious trade in wild fruit: villa­gers in remote areas could not compete with communities collecting NTFPs close to urban markets, although they could sell them to passing river boats. Supporting Sentence: Its success is largely due to the fact that people with poor literacy skills can understand much of the information it contains about the non-timber forest products. Masterful in its evocation of the complexity of mother-daughter relationships . . . a writer to watch’ HARPER’S BAZAAR Supporting Sentence: This is not to say that wild fruit trees were unimportant. On the contrary, argues Shanley, they are critical for subsistence.

Explanation: This isn’t to suggest that wild fruit trees didn’t have a role. On the contrary, they are essential for subsistence, according to Shanley. G. As a result of these studies, Shanley had to tell the Rural Workers’ Union of Paragominas that the Nature thesis could not be applied wholesale to their community – harvesting NTFPs would not always yield more than timber sales. Fruiting patterns of trees such as uxi were unpredictable, for example. In 1994, one household collected 3,654 uxi fruits; the following year, none at all.

Supporting Sentence: The only way to find out, Shanley decided, was to start from scratch with a scientific study. “From a scientific point of view, hardly anything was known about these trees,” she says. But six years of field research yielded a mass of data on their flowering and fruiting behaviour. During 1993 and 1994, 30 families weighed everything they used from the forest – game, fruit, fibre, medicinal plants – and documented its source.

F. The loss of certain species of tree was especially significant. Shanley’s team persuaded local hunters to weigh their catch, noting the trees under which the animals were caught. Over the year, they trapped five species of game averaging 232 kilogrammes under piquia trees. Under copaiba, they caught just two species averaging 63 kilogrammes; and under uxi, four species weighing 38 kilogrammes. The Rural Workers’ Union wanted to know whether harvesting wild fruits would make economic sense in the Rio Capim. “There was a lot of interest in trading non-timber forest products (NTFPs),” Shanley says. At the time, environmental groups and green-minded businesses were promoting the idea. This was the view presented in a seminal paper, Valuation of an Ama­zonian Rainforest, published in Nature in 1989. The researchers had calcu­lated that revenues from the sale of fruits could far exceed those from a one- off sale of trees to loggers. “The union was keen to discover whether it made more sense conserving the forest for subsistence use and the possible sale of fruit, game and medicinal plants, than selling trees for timber,” says Shanley. Whether it would work for the caboclos was far from clear. Explanation: Shanley’s data concluded that harvesting HTFPs would not yield more than timber sales and fruiting patterns of uxi are unpredictable.Explanation: In the paragraph, it is given that Shanley’s team caught five species of game weighing an average of 232 kilogrammes under piquia trees, two species weighing an average of 63 kilogrammes under copaiba, and four species weighing 38 kilogrammes under uxi. This content is the correct data for the given question. ieltsxpress Beautiful, disturbing, impossible to put down. Bad Fruit heralds a seriously impressive new talent in Ella King’ CHRIS WHITAKER The user can also use books as a means of distant and broad communication. Mont-d'Or was shown calling multiple Den Den Mushi at once by connecting them all to a book, while he and his own Den Den Mushi were on top of another book. The specific mechanics of this ability are unknown. [6] As a storm of memories builds over one stifling summer, Lily must recast everything. What if her house isn’t a home – but a prison? What if her mother isn’t a protector – but a monster . . .

There is the least amount of game hunted under 35 .................................. yield is also 36 .................................. . Thus, it is more reasonable to keep 37 .................................. . At last, the team was getting a handle on which trees were worth keeping, and which could reasonably be sold. “This showed that selling piquia trees to loggers for a few dollars made little sense,” explains Shanley. “Their local value lies in providing a prized fruit, as well as flowers which attract more game than any other species.” ieltsx PRESSYou should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27- 40, which are based on Reading Passage 254 below. Explanation: the paragraph says that with the falling of consumption in forest fruit, there was also a drop in the use of fibre.