Original text translated in English: The Rig Veda, Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T.H. Griffith (Translator); Mantras of "khila" hymns were called khailika and not ṛcas ( Khila meant distinct "part" of Rgveda separate from regular hymns; all regular hymns make up the akhila or "the whole" recognised in a śākhā, although khila hymns have sanctified roles in rituals from ancient times). a b Frits Staal (2008). Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights. Penguin. pp.23–24. ISBN 978-0-14-309986-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023 . Retrieved 19 October 2019.

Several shakhas (from skt. śākhā f. "branch", i. e. "recension") of the Rig Veda are known to have existed in the past. Of these, Śākala Śākhā (named after the scholar Śākalya) is the only one to have survived in its entirety. Another śākhā that may have survived is the Bāṣkala, although this is uncertain. [72] [73] [74]

If the people on the rig want to survive, they must trust each other. But doing so becomes increasingly complex, as many workers become affected by what the fog has brought. The horror drama series is a tale of the extreme effects of climate change. Given the world we live in, if that has made you wonder whether ‘The Rig’ is inspired by actual events, here is what we think. Witzel: "The original collection must have been the result of a strong political effort aiming at the re-alignment of the various factions in the tribes and poets' clans under a post-Sudås Bharata hegemony which included (at least sections of) their former Pūru enemies and some other tribes. [52] Martin says: "On an oil rig, to an extent, there are two worlds – there’s the management, but they’re in the dry and the warm, and then there’s the guys outside, covered in oil and getting their hands dirty, so there’s a lot of tension.Fulmer sort of straddles both worlds. He’s the head of communications, so he’s outside now and again on the mast, fixing things, but he’s indoors a lot of the time, so he’s caught between both. He’s also in a relationship with Emily Hampshire’s character, Rose Mason, who is seen as a company woman and is not the most well-liked figure on the rig. The others see her as pushing quotas and cost-cutting, all that kind of thing, so they think he’s the teacher’s pet." The Rigveda hymns were composed and preserved by oral tradition. They were memorized and verbally transmitted with "unparalleled fidelity" across generations for many centuries. [28] [82] According to Barbara West, it was probably first written down about the 3rd-century BCE. [83] [84] The manuscripts were made from birch bark or palm leaves, which decompose and therefore were routinely copied over the generations to help preserve the text. The various Rigveda manuscripts discovered so far show some differences. Broadly, the most studied Śākala recension has 1017 hymns, includes an appendix of eleven valakhīlya hymns which are often counted with the eighth mandala, for a total of 1028 metrical hymns. The Bāṣakala version of Rigveda includes eight of these vālakhilya hymns among its regular hymns, making a total of 1025 hymns in the main text for this śākhā. The Bāṣakala text also has an appendix of 98 hymns, called the Khilani, bringing the total to 1,123 hymns. The manuscripts of Śākala recension of the Rigveda have about 10,600 verses, organized into ten Books ( Mandalas). [96] [97] Books 2 through 7 are internally homogeneous in style, while Books 1, 8 and 10 are compilation of verses of internally different styles suggesting that these books are likely a collection of compositions by many authors. [97]

The hymns in the ninth mandala are arranged by both their prosody structure ( chanda) and by their length. [57] Things become spookier and spookier as all the rigs in the sector stop working, ash starts to fall and we end with Baz’s near-corpse reanimating to tell his stunned but frankly not concerned enough colleagues: “It’s already started.” Dum-dum-daaaah! Tradition associates a rishi (the composer) with each ṛc (verse) of the Rigveda. Most sūktas are attributed to single composers; [note 5] for each of them the Rigveda includes a lineage-specific āprī hymn (a special sūkta of rigidly formulaic structure, used for rituals). In all, 10 families of rishis account for more than 95 per cent of the ṛcs Book The Vedas as a whole are classed as " shruti" in Hindu tradition. This has been compared to the concept of divine revelation in Western religious tradition, but Staal argues that "it is nowhere stated that the Veda was revealed", and that shruti simply means "that what is heard, in the sense that it is transmitted from father to son or from teacher to pupil". [120] The Rigveda, or other Vedas, do not anywhere assert that they are apauruṣeyā, and this reverential term appears only centuries after the end of the Vedic period in the texts of the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy. [120] [121] [122] The text of the Rigveda suggests it was "composed by poets, human individuals whose names were household words" in the Vedic age, states Staal. [120] Oil rigs and thatworld always been a part of my life growing up,' Macpherson recently told The Herald. “When they are in getting repaired at Invergordon, they tower over the town and you see them wherever you are.

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Asko Parpola (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. p.149. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0. a b c d e Witzel 2003, pp. 68–69. "The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a tape-recording of ca. 1500–500BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. On the other hand, the Vedas have been written down only during the early second millennium CE, while some sections such as a collection of the Upanishads were perhaps written down at the middle of the first millennium, while some early, unsuccessful attempts (indicated by certain Smriti rules forbidding to write down the Vedas) may have been made around the end of the first millennium BCE". The "family books" (2–7) are associated with various clans and chieftains, containing hymns by members of the same clan in each book; but other clans are also represented in the Rigveda. The family books are associated with specific regions, and mention prominent Bharata and Pūru kings. [49] The first mandala is the largest, with 191 hymns and 2006 verses, and it was added to the text after Books 2 through 9. The last, or the 10th Book, also has 191 hymns but 1754 verses, making it the second largest. The language analytics suggest the 10th Book, chronologically, was composed and added last. [97] The content of the 10th Book also suggest that the authors knew and relied on the contents of the first nine books. [97] Each mandala consists of hymns or sūktas ( su- + ukta, literally, "well recited, eulogy") intended for various rituals.