A banner of the Coat of Arms of Prince Philip; 1st quarter representing Denmark, 2nd quarter Greece, 3rd quarter the Mountbatten family, 4th quarter Edinburgh. [19] Riding, Jacqueline (2016). Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. pp.57–58. ISBN 978-1408819128. However, opposition to post-Union legislation was not restricted to Jacobites. Many Presbyterians opposed the establishment of the Episcopal Church in 1712 and other measures of indulgence, while the worst tax riots took place in Glasgow, a town noted for its antipathy to the Stuarts. [106] As in England, some objected less to the Union than the Hanoverian connection; Lord George Murray, a senior Jacobite commander in 1745, was a Unionist who repeatedly disagreed with Charles, but opposed "wars [...] on account of the Electors of Hanover". [107] Community [ edit ] Flora MacDonald by Allan Ramsay c. 1749–1750; note white roses, a Jacobite symbol Flag of the Comhairle nan Eilean Siar (Council of the Western Isles), sometimes used to represent the Outer Hebrides as a whole.

This is a list of flags that are used exclusively in Scotland. Other flags used in Scotland, as well as the rest of the United Kingdom can be found at list of British flags. However, recruiting figures did not necessarily reflect majority opinion; even among 'Jacobite' clans like the MacDonalds, major figures like MacDonald of Sleat refused to join. The commercial centres of Edinburgh and Glasgow remained solidly pro-government, while in early November there were anti-Jacobite riots in Perth. [30] This extended outside Scotland; after Prestonpans, Walter Shairp, a merchant from Edinburgh working in Liverpool, joined a local pro-government volunteer force known as the 'Liverpool Blues,' which participated in the second siege of Carlisle. [31] Recruiting methods and motivation [ edit ] Many senior Jacobites, such as their "General of Horse" Forbes of Pitsligo, combined a history of Stuart loyalism with bitter opposition to the 1707 Acts of Union. Cluny and his company deserted from Loudon's 64th Highlanders and joined the Jacobite army after Prestonpans: his regiment, raised in the area of Badenoch, fought at Clifton and was possibly 400 strong by the time of Falkirk. It was still en route to joining the main army when Culloden was fought, surrendering on 17 May.At Fort Augustus in March the artillery had some success; a French engineer mortared the fort's magazine, forcing its surrender. Following the death of Henry in 1807, the Jacobite claim passed to those excluded by the 1701 Act of Settlement. From 1807 to 1840, it was held by the House of Savoy, then the House of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1919, while the current Jacobite heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria, from the House of Wittelsbach. However, neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim. Henry, Charles and James are memorialised in the Monument to the Royal Stuarts in the Vatican. [ citation needed] Analysis [ edit ] Tomasson, Katherine, Buist, Francis (1978). Battles of the Forty-five. HarperCollins Distribution Services. p.52. ISBN 978-0713407693. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Mitchison, Rosalind (1983). Lordship to Patronage: Scotland, 1603-1745 (New History of Scotland) (1990ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p.66. ISBN 978-0748602339. It was time to go hunting Sir John Cope and his 3,000 or so redcoats and stop them getting to Edinburgh before the Jacobite troops could arrive there.

The vast majority of battlefield casualties during the campaign - around 1,500 - occurred at Culloden. Although many Jacobites went into hiding or simply returned home after dismissal, a total of 3,471 men were recorded as prisoners after the rebellion, though this figure probably includes some double counting, French POWs, and civilians. From these there were around 40 summary executions of 'deserters' and 73 executions after trial; 936 were sentenced to or volunteered for transportation; and 7-800 were drafted into the ranks of the British Army, often for service in the colonies. The remainder, with the exception of a few senior officers still at large, were pardoned by a 1747 Act of Indemnity. During the Irish Rebellion of 1798, headed by the United Irishmen with French support, the Directory suggested making Henry King of the Irish. [133] [134] They hoped this would attract support from the Catholic Irish and lead to the creation of a stable pro-French client state. Wolfe Tone, the Protestant republican leader, rejected the suggestion, and a short-lived Irish Republic was proclaimed instead. [134] Green, with a white Scandinavian Cross showing the ancestry of the people and places names of Barra. The green represents the green of the Barra Isles. [12] Main article: Jacobite rising of 1745 Lord George Murray, Jacobite lieutenant-general; while possessing considerable talents, his inability to take advice and personality clashes with Charles became a major factor in the campaign

Rents were held at a low level due to this expectation and few tenants had written leases, increasing the pressure on them to comply. Traditional Whig historiography viewed Jacobitism as marginal to the progression towards present-day Parliamentary democracy, taking the view that as it was defeated, it could never have won. [135] Representing "pre-industrial paternalism" and "mystical loyalism" against forward-thinking individualism, this conception of Jacobitism was reinforced by Macaulay's stereotype of the typical "Tory-Jacobite squire" as a "bigoted, ignorant, drunken philistine". [135] Viscount Strathallan was appointed commander in Scotland and continued recruiting, while the field army of roughly 5,500 invaded England in early November. [19] Command was split between the three lieutenant-generals: Murray, Tullibardine, and James Drummond, titular Duke of Perth. In theory, the three rotated command on a daily basis, but Tullibardine's poor health and Perth's inexperience meant in practice it was exercised by Murray. [20] The Sun of Barley': green, with twelve barley stalks in a wheel pattern. The green represents the fertility of the isle and the 'barley sun' its reputation as the 'sunshine isle' and the name 'Land of Barley' ( Tìr an Eòrna). [13]

More recent analyses, such as that of J. C. D. Clark, suggest that Jacobitism can instead be regarded as part of a "deep vein of social and political conservatism running throughout British history", arguing that the Whig settlement was not as stable as has been depicted. [136] Further interest in Jacobite studies has been prompted by a reassessment of the nationalist aspirations of Scots Jacobites in particular, emphasising its place as part of an ongoing political idea. On 6 September 1715, John Erskine, the 6th Earl of Mar, raised the Stuart banner at Braemar in the Scottish Highlands. Mar had supported the accession of the Hanoverian King George I the previous year, but soon found himself out of favour. He now hoped to restore his prestige and influence by leading a Jacobite rising. Monod, Paul Kleber (1993). Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788. Cambridge University Press. pp.197–199. ISBN 978-0521447935. .

Repression and stability

Yates, Nigel (2017). Eighteenth-century Britain: Religion and Politics, 1715-1815. Routledge. p.18. ISBN 978-1138154346. Ranald, the Clanranald chief, refused to publicly support the Rising but permitted his eldest son to raise a regiment. Raised in the Clanranald lands of Moidart and present at Glenfinnan, it was one of only two regiments, along with Glengarry's, to arrive with its own Catholic priest. It fought at Prestonpans, Falkirk and Culloden, after which it dispersed. a b Plank, Geoffrey. (2006) Rebellion and Savagery: the Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire Univ. of Pennsylvania, p.81 When Charles sailed from France in July 1745, he was accompanied by Elizabeth, an elderly 64-gun warship carrying most of the weapons and volunteers from the French Army's Irish Brigade. They were intercepted by HMS Lion and after a four hour battle with Elizabeth, both were forced to return to port, depriving Charles of the regular soldiers originally intended as the core of the Jacobite army. [62] The Standard of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (prior to her accession as Queen Elizabeth II), namely the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom used in Scotland defaced with a label of three points, the first and third points bearing a Saint George's Cross, the centre point bearing a Tudor Rose.