Susceptibility to autoimmune disease is controlled by environmental and genetic factors, especially MHC genes Antigen-binding B cells are trapped in the T-cell zone of secondary lymphoid tissues and are activated by encounter with armed helper T cells Fully phosphorylated ITAMs bind the protein tyrosine kinases Syk and ZAP-70 and enable them to be activated Transmembrane and secreted forms of immunoglobulin are generated from alternative heavy-chain transcripts Macrophages are scavenger cells that can be induced by pathogens to present foreign antigens to naive T cells

The expression of proteins regulating immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and function is developmentally programmed Chapter 15. Afterword: Evolution of the Immune System: Past, Present, and Future, by Charles A. Janeway, Jr Modulation of the immune system might be used to inhibit immunopathological responses to infectious agents The B-1 subset of B cells has a distinct developmental history and expresses a distinctive repertoire of receptors Most thymocytes express receptors that cannot interact with self MHC and these cells die in the thymus

Activation of macrophages by armed T H1 cells promotes microbial killing and must be tightly regulated to avoid T cells are needed to control intracellular pathogens and to activate B-cell responses to most antigens Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. B cells develop in the bone marrow with the help of stromal cells and achieve maturity in peripheral lymphoid organs Allergy can be treated by inhibiting either IgE production or the effector pathways activated by cross-linking of cell-surface IgE

The peripheral lymphoid organs are specialized to trap antigen, to allow the initiation of adaptive immune responses, and to provide signals that sustain recirculating lymphocytes

It was soon clear that specific antibodies could be induced against a vast range of substances, called antigens because they could stimulate antibody generation. That these antibodies might have a crucial role in immunity was reinforced by Jules Bordet’s discovery in 1899 of complement, a component of serum that acts in conjunction with antibodies to destroy pathogenic bacteria. The target of T cell-mediated autoimmunity is difficult to identify owing to the nature of T-cell ligands

The development of transplantable tumors in mice led to the discovery that mice could mount a protective immune response against tumors

Excerpt

Many autoantigens are not so abundantly expressed that they induce clonal deletion or anergy but are not so rare as to escape recognition entirely Intracellular signaling components recruited to activated receptors transmit the signal onward from the membrane and amplify it Innocuous antigens can cause type II hypersensitivity reactions in susceptible individuals by binding to the surfaces of circulating blood cells Immunobiology is the premier text for immunology at the advanced undergraduate, graduate, and medical school levels. Beginning students appreciate the book’s clear writing and informative illustrations, while advanced students and working immunologists value its comprehensive scope. Every chapter is reviewed with experts to ensure accuracy, authority, currency, and depth. The Tenth Edition is supported by InQuizitive, Norton’s award-winning, easy-to-use adaptive learning tool that helps students learn immunological terms and apply them conceptually. Table of Contents: Stable binding of peptides by MHC molecules provides effective antigen presentation at the cell surface