Incorporation of upstream and downstream requirements into design procedures for crystallization plant Lovinger AJ, Davis DD, Lotz B (1991) Temperature-dependence of structure and morphology of syndiotactic polypropylene and epitaxial relationships with isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 24(2):552–560. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00002a033 Thomann R, Wang C, Kressler J et al (1996) On the phase of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 29:8425–8434. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma951885f Alamo RG, Kim MH, Galante MJ et al (1999) Structural and kinetic factors governing the formation of the gamma polymorph of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 32(12):4050–4064. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma981849r

Chen J, Schneider K, Kretzschmar B et al (2014) Nucleation and growth behavior of beta-nucleated iPP during shear induced crystallization investigated by in-situ synchrotron WAXS and SAXS. Polymer 55(21):5477–5487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.058 Fillon B, Wittmann JC, Lotz B et al (1993) Self-nucleation and recrystallization of isotactic polypropylene (alpha-phase) investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 31(10):1383–1393. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090311013 Mezghani K, Phillips PJ (1998) The gamma-phase of high molecular weight isotactic polypropylene: III. The equilibrium melting point and the phase diagram. Polymer 39(16):3735–3744. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10121-5Lotz B (2014) A new ε crystal modification found in stereodefective isotactic polypropylene samples. Macromolecules 47:7612–7624. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma5009868 Somani RH, Yang L, Hsiao BS (2006) Effects of high molecular weight species on shear-induced orientation and crystallization of isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 47(15):5657–5668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.12.066 Lauritzen JI, Hoffman JD (1960) Theory of formation of polymer crystals with folded chains in dilute solution. J Res Natl Bur Stand Sect A Phys Chem 64(1):73–102. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.064A.007 This chapter discusses the basic design of industrial crystallizers. The major design tasks are the selection of the crystallization method, the crystallizer equipment and the mode of operation, the calculation of the flow sheet of the process and of the dimensions of the equipment, the area for heat transfer and evaporation, and the power requirement for the circulation devices. With the help of a costing model, the basic design also yields a first cost estimate of the process in terms of both capital and operational costs.

Xu JN, Srinivas S, Marand H et al (1998) Equilibrium melting temperature and undercooling dependence of the spherulitic growth rate of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 31(23):8230–8242. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma980748q We next consider the state of the liquid phase during crystallization processes. The solution is said to be supersaturated with respect to the crystallizing compound, meaning the solute concentration is higher than the solid–liquid equilibrium value. The degree of supersaturation is important because it is the driving force for the elementary rate processes of crystallization, such as nucleation and crystal growth. Therefore, expressions to determine the degree of supersaturation are presented, both rigorous expressions based on thermodynamics and less rigorous expressions commonly found in practice.Nogales A, Hsiao BS, Somani RH et al (2001) Shear-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene with different molecular weight distributions: in situ small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies. Polymer 42(12):5247–5256. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00919-8

Nakamura K, Shimizu S, Umemoto S et al (2008) Temperature dependence of crystal growth rate for alpha and beta forms of isotactic polypropylene. Polym J 40(9):915–922. https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.PJ2007231

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Xiao ZG, Sun N (2016) Crystallization behavior for metallocene-catalyzed isotactic polypropylene in alkane solvents of various molecular sizes. J Therm Anal Calorim 124(1):295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5146-3 De Rosa C, Auriemma F, Circelli T et al (2002) Crystallization of the alpha and gamma forms of isotactic polypropylene as a tool to test the degree of segregation of defects in the polymer chains. Macromolecules 35(9):3622–3629. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0116248