The Earth From the Air

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The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12km (7.5mi; 39,000ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55km (31 to 34mi; 164,000 to 180,000ft). Cox, Arthur N., ed. (2000), Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (Fourthed.), AIP Press, pp.258–259, ISBN 0-387-98746-0 , which rounds N 2 and O 2 to four significant digits without affecting the total because 0.004% was removed from N 2 and added to O 2. It includes 20 constituents.

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Since I also have the original "The Earth From The Air", which has the same author and features many of the same photos, I will also be comparing these two books with each other.

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This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometres without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind. Every second, the Earth loses about 3kg of hydrogen, 50g of helium, and much smaller amounts of other constituents. [24] Seen together they are an outstanding visual testimony to the world we live in today and show how human activity, population growth and technological progress have made dramatic changes to the world's landscapes. Troposphere". Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. McGraw-Hill. 1984. It contains about four-fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere. Main article: Troposphere A picture of Earth's troposphere with its different cloud types of low to high altitudes casting shadows. Sunlight is reflected off the ocean, after it was filtered into a redish light by passing through much of the troposphere at sunset. The above lying stratosphere can be seen at the horizon as a band of its characteristic glow of blue scattered sunlight. a b Zahnle, K.; Schaefer, L.; Fegley, B. (2010). "Earth's Earliest Atmospheres". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (10): a004895. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004895. PMC 2944365. PMID 20573713.

The Earth from the Air by Yann Arthus-Bertrand | Waterstones

The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr; 14.6959 psi; 760.00 mmHg). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), [40] about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather. Yann Arthus-Bertrand was born in March 1946. At the age of 30 he moved to Kenya with his wife Anne to study lions in the Maasai Mara Reserve and began to photograph the beauty of the natural world, flying over the landscape in a balloon. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras. During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000km (31 to 621mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth. In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, the temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile, or lapse rate, is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. [18] The altitudes of the five layers are as follows: Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2.15 and 2.08 billion years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion. [53] Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years [54] [55]

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The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. [33] This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100km (62mi; 330,000ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI, which places it about 20km (12mi; 66,000ft) above the mesopause.

Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (6thed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp.941–950. ISBN 9780471457282. OCLC 62532755. The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low opacity, allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300nm ( ultraviolet-C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimetre to about eleven-metre waves.The relative concentration of gases remains constant until about 10,000m (33,000ft). [17] Stratification Earth's atmosphere. Lower four layers of the atmosphere in three dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by mole fraction in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by mole fraction in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). [11] :8 The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, [12] among which are other greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Besides argon, already mentioned, other noble gases, neon, helium, krypton, and xenon are also present. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen, and then plants using some oxygen at night by the process of photorespiration while the remaining oxygen is used to break down organic material. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which reacts with oxygen and hence reduces its amount in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with the rapid development of animals. Atmospheric Temperature Trends, 1979–2005: Image of the Day". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2000-01-01 . Retrieved 2014-06-10. Yann Arthus-Bertrand was born in a renowned jewellers' family founded by Claude Arthus-Bertrand and Michel-Ange Marion. His sister Catherine is one of his closest collaborators. He's been interested in nature and wildlife from an early age.

The Earth from the Air: Arthus-Bertrand, Yann, Brown, Lester The Earth from the Air: Arthus-Bertrand, Yann, Brown, Lester

I think the pictures are amazing, some of them leave you standing with your jaw to the floor. I know mine was, such beauty. Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer accessible by propeller-driven aircraft. With over 100,000 shots in the collection, Yann has chosen the 160 exhibits to communicate his own vision. Timothy W. Lyons, Christopher T. Reinhard & Noah J. Planavsky (2014). "Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago". Nature. 506 (7488): 307–15. Bibcode: 2014Natur.506..307L. doi: 10.1038/nature13068. PMID 24553238. S2CID 4443958. Arthus-Bertrand's mission was to create a photographic record of the natural world at the start of a new millennium. Taken from all over the planet, the 160 photographs chosen for the exhibition tell a story about our changing planet and the need for sustainable development.Seeing (and photographing) the Earth from the sky allows a whole new perspective, as photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand's diverse and colourful photographs demonstrate, from climbers on Mont Blanc to the winding rivers of Mongolia... a b Two recent reliable sources cited here have total atmospheric compositions, including trace molecules, that exceed 100%. They are Allen's Astrophysical Quantities [2] (2000, 100.001241343%) and CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [3] (2016–2017, 100.004667%), which cites Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Both are used as references in this article. Both exceed 100% because their CO 2 values were increased to 345ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate. This is made worse by the April 2019 CO 2 value, which is 413.32ppmv. [4] Although minor, the January 2019 value for CH 4 is 1866.1ppbv (parts per billion). [5] Two older reliable sources have dry atmospheric compositions, including trace molecules, that total less than 100%: U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 [6] (99.9997147%); and Astrophysical Quantities [7] (1976, 99.9999357%).