The Northumbrians: North-East England and Its People: A New History

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The region has a diverse landscape that includes maritime cliffs and extensive moorland that contains a number of rare species of flora and fauna. Of particular importance are the saltmarshes of Lindisfarne, the Tees Estuary, the heaths, bogs and traditional upland hay meadows of the North Pennines, and the Arctic-alpine flora of Upper Teesdale. Karkov, Catherine E. (2011). The Art of Anglo-Saxon England. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-628-5. Pollard, A. J.; Gareth Green, Adrian (2007). Regional Identities in North-East England, 1300-2000. Boydell Press. Goffart, Walter (2005). The narrators of barbarian history (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268029678.

Rollason, David (25 September 2003). Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81335-8. In 664, King Oswiu called the Synod of Whitby to determine whether to follow Roman or Irish customs. Since Northumbria was converted to Christianity by the Celtic clergy, the Celtic tradition for determining the date of Easter and Irish tonsure were supported by many, particularly by the Abbey of Lindisfarne. Roman Christianity was also represented in Northumbria, by Wilfrid, Abbot of Ripon. By the year 620, both sides were associating the other's Easter observance with the Pelagian Heresy. [90] The King decided at Whitby that Roman practice would be adopted throughout Northumbria, thereby bringing Northumbria in line with Southern England and Western Europe. [91] Members of the clergy who refused to conform, including the Celtic Bishop Colman of Lindisfarne, returned to Iona. [91] The episcopal seat of Northumbria transferred from Lindisfarne to York, which later became an archbishopric in 735. [92] Impact of Scandinavian raiding, settlement and culture [ edit ] The Irish monks brought with them an ancient Celtic decorative tradition of curvilinear forms of spirals, scrolls, and doubles curves. This style was integrated with the abstract ornamentation of the native pagan Anglo-Saxon metalwork tradition, characterized by its bright colouring and zoomorphic interlace patterns. [98] The Christianity culture of Northumbria was influenced by the continent as well as Ireland. In particular, Wilfrid travelled to Rome and abandoned the traditions of the Celtic church in favour of Roman practices. When he returned to England, he became abbot of a new monastery at Ripon in 660. Wilfrid advocated acceptance of the authority of Rome at the Synod of Whitby. The two-halves of the double monastery Monkwearmouth–Jarrow were founded by the nobleman Benedict Biscop in 673 and 681. Biscop became the first abbot of the monastery, and travelled to Rome six times to buy books for the library. [85] His successor, Abbot Ceolfrith, continued to add to the library until by one estimate the library at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow had over two hundred volumes. [85] One who benefited from this library was Bede. [86] Bede's work would not only provide the people of the region with the story of their past but would have far-reaching effects on how history as a whole was understood in the west. He popularized the use of the dating system of BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini, Latin for “In the Year of Our Lord”) which had been invented in c. 525 CE by the monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470-544 CE) in an effort to universalize the date of the celebration of Easter for all churches.

Angles North of the Humber

Hadley, Dawn (2002), "Viking and native: re–thinking identity in the Danelaw", Early Medieval Europe, 11 (1): 45–70, doi: 10.1111/1468-0254.00100, S2CID 154018306 St. Begu". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2009. Retrieved on 28October 2009. But, says Dan, natives of the region would know which side of a line from Whitburn to Birtley to Chester-le-Street someone came from by asking them to say the word “beetroot”. Fraser, James E (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748612321.

He had pondered questions about life in the North East, such as “Why are we so obsessed with football? Why do we love drinking so much? Why is everyone so funny?” Read More Related ArticlesMeadway, James (8 April 2021). "Why you should take the tongue-in-cheek Northern Independence Party seriously". New Statesman . Retrieved 20 February 2022. Wood, Ian (2008). "Thrymas, Sceattas and the Cult of the Cross". Two Decades of Discovery. Studies in Early Medieval Coinage. Vol.1. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp.23–30. ISBN 978-1-84383-371-0. Northumbria was also home to several Anglo-Saxon Christian poets. Cædmon lived at the double monastery of Streonæshalch ( Whitby Abbey) during the abbacy (657–680) of St. Hilda (614–680). According to Bede, he "was wont to make religious verses, so that whatever was interpreted to him out of scripture, he soon after put the same into poetical expressions of much sweetness and humility in English, which was his native language. By his verse the minds of many were often excited to despise the world, and to aspire to heaven." [107] His sole surviving work is Cædmon's Hymn. Cynewulf, prolific author of The Fates of the Apostles, Juliana, Elene, and Christ II, is believed to have been either Northumbrian or Mercian. [108] [109] Gosforth Cross, view from the north-west Scandinavians and the Danelaw [ edit ]

On 30 September 2014, as chairman of The Campaign for the North, Harold Elletson launched an all-party pressure group to re-create the ancient Kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom. The Campaign sought 'devo-max' power from Westminster to bring the traditional counties of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmorland and Cumberland into a democratic state with powers equal to Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland or London, retaining membership of the European Union. [39] [40] In 2015, he co-founded the Northern Party to campaign for better representation for Northern England. [41] At the 2015 general election, he contested the constituency of Lancaster and Fleetwood, coming last with 0.4% of the vote. [42] At the 2019 general election, he endorsed the incumbent Labour MP, Cat Smith. [43] From around 800, there had been waves of Danish raids on the coastlines of the British Isles. [32] These raids terrorized the populace, but exposure to Danish society brought new opportunities for wealth and trade. [110] In 865, instead of raiding, the Danes landed a large army in East Anglia, and had conquered a territory known as the Danelaw, including Northumbria, by 867. [32] [111] At first, the Scandinavian minority, while politically powerful, remained culturally distinct from the English populace. For example, only a few Scandinavian words, mostly military and technical, became part of Old English. By the early 900s, however, Scandinavian-style names for both people and places became increasingly popular, as did Scandinavian ornamentation on works of art, featuring aspects of Norse mythology, and figures of animals and warriors. Nevertheless, sporadic references to "Danes" in charters, chronicles, and laws indicate that during the lifetime of the Kingdom of Northumbria, most inhabitants of northeast England did not consider themselves Danish, and were not perceived as such by other Anglo-Saxons. [112] Nennius (2005). Historia Brittonum (The History of the Britons). Translated by Rowley, Richard. Cribyn: Llanerch Press. ISBN 9781861431394. The battle of Dún Nechtain was carried out on the twentieth day of the month of May, a Sunday, in which Ecfrith son of Osu, king of the Saxons, in the 15th year of his rule completed, with magna caterua of his soldiers was killed by Bruide son of Bile king of Fortriu." Arnold, Thomas, ed. (1885). Historia Regum (Anglorum et Dacorum). Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia. Vol.2. Translated by Stevenson, J. London. pp.1–283. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link)Munch, Peter Andreas; Olsen, Magnus Bernhard (1926). Norse mythology: legends of gods and heroes. The American-Scandinavian Foundation. ISBN 9780404045388. Bede; Stephanus, Eddius; Farmer, David Hugh (1983). The Age of Bede. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin. ISBN 9780140444377. Saints [ edit ] Saint Aidan Saint Cuthbert Saint Willibrord Saint Benedict Biscop Saint John of Beverley Name Ecgfrith's defeat at Dun Nechtain devastated Northumbria's power and influence in the North of Britain. Bede recounts that the Picts recovered their lands that had been held by the Northumbrians and Dál Riatan Scots. He goes on to tell how the Northumbrians who did not flee the Pictish territory were killed or enslaved. [17]